After studying this chapter, students will be able to
1.1 The Characteristics of Life Signs of Life
1.2 How Humans Fit into the Natural WorldA. Are Different from Nonliving Things
B. Require Energy and Raw Materials
C. Are Composed of Cells
D. Maintain Homeostasis
E. Respond to Their Environment
F. Grow and Reproduce
G. Are Capable of Evolving
A. Classification System: kingdoms
B. Defining Humans: bipedalism, opposable thumbs, large brain, language capacity
C. Study of Humans at Different Levels
1.3 Science as Knowledge and Process
A. Scientific Method The Scientific Method
1. Observe and Generalize
2. Formulate a Hypothesis
3. Make a Testable Prediction
4. Experiment or Observe
5. Modify the Hypothesis as Necessary and Repeat Steps 3 and 4B. Disseminating Findings
C. Hypothesis Becoming a Theory
1.4 Sources of Scientific Information Vary in Style and Quality
1.5 Learning to Be a Critical Thinker
A. Become a Skeptic
B. Appreciate the Value of Statistics
C. Learn to Read Graphs
D. Distinguish Anecdotes from Scientific Evidence
E. Separate Facts from Conclusions
F. Understand the Differences Between Correlation and Causation
1.6 The Role of Science in Society
A. Science Improves Technology and the Human Condition
B. Science Has Limits
C. The Importance of Making Informed Choices
Additional Sections
A. Try It Yourself: Evaluating a Scientific Claim
B. Health Watch: The Growing Threat of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
C. Current Issue: Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements – Choices, Choices, Choices
Please answer the following question or questions; you will be graded on the quality of your responses. You can access the discussion on the main menu page.
The textbook lists four defining features of humans (see pages 5-6). Select one of the four and make a case for it being the most important.
After studying this chapter, students will be able to
2.1 All Matter Consists of Elements
AtomsA. Atoms: smallest functional unit
2.2 Atoms Combine to Form Molecules
A. Energy as Fuel
B. Potential Energy of Electrons
C. Chemical Bonds: link atoms; form covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds
D. Elements of Living Organisms
2.3 Life Depends on Water
Water and ChemistryA. Water as a Biological Solvent
B. Body Temperature Regulation
2.4 The Importance of Hydrogen Ions
A. Acids Donate and Bases Accept Hydrogen Ions
B. The pH Scale Is the Hydrogen Ion Concentration
C. Buffers: minimize pH change
2.5 The Organic Molecules of Living Organisms
A. Carbon: common building block
B. Macromolecules: made and broken, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis Monomers and Polymers
2.6 Carbohydrates Are Used for Energy and Structural Support
A. Monosaccharides: simple sugars, glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
B. Oligosaccharides: short chains of monosaccharides, disaccharides
C. Polysaccharides: store energy, starch, glycogen, cellulose
2.7 Lipids Are Insoluble in Water
Lipid Structure and FunctionA. Triglycerides: energy storage
B. Phospholipids: cell membranes
C. Steroids: ring structures, cholesterol
2.8 Proteins Are Complex Structures Constructed of Amino Acids
Protein StructureA. Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
2.9 Nucleic Acids Store Genetic Information and Make Proteins
Nucleic AcidsA. DNA
B. RNA
2.10 ATP for Energy Transport
Additional Sections
A. Try It Yourself: Oil and Water Don’t Mix
B. Directions in Science: Why Protein Folding Is Important
C. Try It Yourself: Demonstrating an Enzyme in Your Saliva
D. Current Issue: Antioxidants: Hope or Hype?
Discussion Topic:
Please answer the following question or questions; you will be graded on the quality of your responses. You can access the discussion on the main menu page.
What makes the structure of proteins more complex than lipids or carbohydrates?
After studying this chapter, students will be able to
3.1 Cells Classified by Internal Organization
Eukaryotic CellsA. Eukaryotes: nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
3.2 Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function
A. Muscle
B. Nerve
C. Small size is efficient
3.3 A Plasma Membrane Surrounds the Cell
MembranesA. Lipid Bilayer
1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Proteins
3.4 Molecular Transport through Membrane Transport
Diffusion and OsmosisA. Passive Transport: no energy required
1. Osmosis and Diffusion
B. Active Transport: requires energy
C. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: moves bulk
3.5 Internal Structures Carry Out Specific Functions
A. Nucleus: controls cell
B. Ribosomes: assemble proteins
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum: manufactures lipids and proteins
D. Golgi Apparatus: refines, packages, and ships lipids and proteins
E. Vesicles: store and secrete types: endocytotic, peroxisomal, lysosomal
F. Mitochondria: extracts energy
G. Fat and Glycogen: provides energy
3.6 Cells Have Structures for Support and Movement
A. Cytoskeleton: support
B. Cilia and Flagella: movement
C. Centrioles: cell division
3.7 Cells Use and Transform Matter and Energy
GlucoseA. Metabolism
B. Anabolism/Catabolism: assembles/breaks down molecules
C. Cell Respiration: uses glucose and oxygen to supply ATP
1. Glycolysis: splits glucose
2. Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle: extracts high-energy electrons
3. Electron Transport System: uses energy from electrons to produce ATP
D. Fats and Proteins: provide additional energy sources
E. Anaerobic Pathways: allow energy extraction without oxygen
Additional Sections
A. Try It Yourself: Observing the Effects of Osmosis on Your Skin
B. Directions in Science: The First Cultured Human Cells
C. Current Issue: Should We Use Human Stem Cells for Research and Transplantation?
Please answer the following question or questions; you will be graded on the quality of your responses. You can access the discussion on the main menu page.
You have just ran a marathon and are extremely dehydrated. What is the tonicity of your body fluids and what type of fluid would you receive to treat this condition?